December 30, 2008
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December 30, 2008
anand
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About Bios
Basic Input/Output System also incorrectly known as Basic Integrated Operating System and occasionally Built In Operating System.
BIOS refers to the firmware code run by an IBM compatible PC when first powered on.
The primary function of the BIOS is to prepare the machine so other software programs stored on various media (such as hard drives, floppies, and CDs) can load, execute, and assume control of the PC.
This process is known as booting up.
BIOS The set of routines stored in read-only memory that enable a computer to start the operating system and to communicate with the various devices in the system, such as disk drives, keyboard, monitor, printer, and communications ports.
Download Pdf About Bios
BIOS refers to the firmware code run by an IBM compatible PC when first powered on.
The primary function of the BIOS is to prepare the machine so other software programs stored on various media (such as hard drives, floppies, and CDs) can load, execute, and assume control of the PC.
This process is known as booting up.
BIOS The set of routines stored in read-only memory that enable a computer to start the operating system and to communicate with the various devices in the system, such as disk drives, keyboard, monitor, printer, and communications ports.
Download Pdf About Bios
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Introduction To Bios
One of the most common uses of Flash memory is for the basic input/output system of your computer, commonly known as the BIOS (pronounced "bye-ose"). On virtually every computer available, the BIOS makes sure all the other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together.
Every desktop and laptop computer in common use today contains a microprocessor as its central processing unit. The microprocessor is the hardware component. To get its work done, the microprocessor executes a set of instructions known as software (see How Microprocessors Work for details). You are probably very familiar with two different types of software:
• The operating system - The operating system provides a set of services for the applications running on your computer, and it also provides the fundamental user interface for your computer.
Windows 98 and Linux are examples of operating systems. (See How Operating Systems Work for lots of details.)
• The applications - Applications are pieces of software that are programmed to perform specific tasks. On your computer right now you probably have a browser application, a word processing application, an e-mail application and so on. You can also buy new applications and install them.
It turns out that the BIOS is the third type of software your computer needs to operate successfully.
Download pdf About Bios
Every desktop and laptop computer in common use today contains a microprocessor as its central processing unit. The microprocessor is the hardware component. To get its work done, the microprocessor executes a set of instructions known as software (see How Microprocessors Work for details). You are probably very familiar with two different types of software:
• The operating system - The operating system provides a set of services for the applications running on your computer, and it also provides the fundamental user interface for your computer.
Windows 98 and Linux are examples of operating systems. (See How Operating Systems Work for lots of details.)
• The applications - Applications are pieces of software that are programmed to perform specific tasks. On your computer right now you probably have a browser application, a word processing application, an e-mail application and so on. You can also buy new applications and install them.
It turns out that the BIOS is the third type of software your computer needs to operate successfully.
Download pdf About Bios
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anand
When you turn on your computer, the BIOS does several things. This is its usual sequence:
1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings
2. Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers
3. Initialize registers and power management
4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST)
5. Display system settings
6. Determine which devices are bootable
7. Initiate the bootstrap sequence
The first thing the BIOS does is check the information stored in a tiny (64 bytes) amount of RAM located on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip.
The CMOS Setup provides detailed information particular to your system and can be altered as your system changes. The BIOS uses this information to modify or supplement its default programming as needed. We will talk more about these settings later.
Interrupt handlers are small pieces of software that act as translators between the hardware components and the operating system.
For example, when you press a key on your keyboard, the signal is sent to the keyboard interrupt handler, which tells the CPU what it is and passes it on to the operating system.
The device drivers are other pieces of software that identify the base hardware components such as keyboard, mouse, hard drive and floppy drive.
Since the BIOS is constantly intercepting signals to and from the hardware, it is usually copied, or shadowed, into RAM to run faster.
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What BIOS Does?
The BIOS software has a number of different roles, but its most important role is to load the operating system. When you turn on your computer and the microprocessor tries to execute its first instruction, it has to get that instruction from somewhere.
It cannot get it from the operating system because the operating system is located on a hard disk, and the microprocessor cannot get to it without some instructions that tell it how. The BIOS provides those instructions. Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS performs include:
• A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to make sure everything is working properly
• Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For example, SCSI and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips.
• Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to different hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name.
They manage things like the keyboard, the screen, and the serial and parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting.
• Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc.
The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major hardware components of your computer with the operating system. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another type of ROM.
It cannot get it from the operating system because the operating system is located on a hard disk, and the microprocessor cannot get to it without some instructions that tell it how. The BIOS provides those instructions. Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS performs include:
• A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to make sure everything is working properly
• Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For example, SCSI and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips.
• Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to different hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name.
They manage things like the keyboard, the screen, and the serial and parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting.
• Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc.
The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major hardware components of your computer with the operating system. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another type of ROM.
When you turn on your computer, the BIOS does several things. This is its usual sequence:
1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings
2. Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers
3. Initialize registers and power management
4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST)
5. Display system settings
6. Determine which devices are bootable
7. Initiate the bootstrap sequence
The first thing the BIOS does is check the information stored in a tiny (64 bytes) amount of RAM located on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip.
The CMOS Setup provides detailed information particular to your system and can be altered as your system changes. The BIOS uses this information to modify or supplement its default programming as needed. We will talk more about these settings later.
Interrupt handlers are small pieces of software that act as translators between the hardware components and the operating system.
For example, when you press a key on your keyboard, the signal is sent to the keyboard interrupt handler, which tells the CPU what it is and passes it on to the operating system.
The device drivers are other pieces of software that identify the base hardware components such as keyboard, mouse, hard drive and floppy drive.
Since the BIOS is constantly intercepting signals to and from the hardware, it is usually copied, or shadowed, into RAM to run faster.
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anand
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Booting the Computer
Whenever you turn on your computer, the first thing you see is the BIOS software doing its thing. On many machines, the BIOS displays text describing things like the amount of memory installed in your computer, the type of hard disk and so on.
It turns out that, during this boot sequence, the BIOS is doing a remarkable amount of work to get your computer ready to run. This section briefly describes some of those activities for a typical PC.
After checking the CMOS Setup and loading the interrupt handlers, the BIOS determine whether the video card is operational.
Most video cards have a miniature BIOS of their own that initializes the memory and graphics processor on the card. If they do not, there is usually video driver information on another ROM on the motherboard that the BIOS can load.
Next, the BIOS checks to see if this is a cold boot or a reboot. It does this by checking the value at memory address 0000:0472. A value of 1234h indicates a reboot, and the BIOS skips the rest of POST. Anything else is considered a cold boot.
If it is a cold boot, the BIOS verifies RAM by performing a read/write test of each memory address. It checks the PS/2 ports or USB ports for a keyboard and a mouse. It looks for a peripheral component interconnects (PCI) bus and, if it finds one, checks all the PCI cards.
If the BIOS finds any errors during the POST, it will notify you by a series of beeps or a text message displayed on the screen. An error at this point is almost always a hardware problem.
The BIOS then displays some details about your system. This typically includes information about:
• The processor
• The floppy drive and hard drive
• Memory
• BIOS revision and date
• Display
Any special drivers, such as the ones for small computer system interface (SCSI) adapters, are loaded from the adapter, and the BIOS displays the information.
The BIOS then looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the CMOS Setup. "Boot" is short for "bootstrap," as in the old phrase, "Lift yourself up by your bootstraps."
Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS will try to initiate the boot sequence from the first device. If the BIOS does not find a device, it will try the next device in the list.
If it does not find the proper files on a device, the startup process will halt. If you have ever left a floppy disk in the drive when you restarted your computer, you have probably seen this message.
This is the message you get if a floppy disk is in the drive when you restart your computer.
The BIOS has tried to boot the computer off of the floppy disk left in the drive. Since it did not find the correct system files, it could not continue. Of course, this is an easy fix. Simply pop out the disk and press a key to continue.
Download pdf About Bios
It turns out that, during this boot sequence, the BIOS is doing a remarkable amount of work to get your computer ready to run. This section briefly describes some of those activities for a typical PC.
After checking the CMOS Setup and loading the interrupt handlers, the BIOS determine whether the video card is operational.
Most video cards have a miniature BIOS of their own that initializes the memory and graphics processor on the card. If they do not, there is usually video driver information on another ROM on the motherboard that the BIOS can load.
Next, the BIOS checks to see if this is a cold boot or a reboot. It does this by checking the value at memory address 0000:0472. A value of 1234h indicates a reboot, and the BIOS skips the rest of POST. Anything else is considered a cold boot.
If it is a cold boot, the BIOS verifies RAM by performing a read/write test of each memory address. It checks the PS/2 ports or USB ports for a keyboard and a mouse. It looks for a peripheral component interconnects (PCI) bus and, if it finds one, checks all the PCI cards.
If the BIOS finds any errors during the POST, it will notify you by a series of beeps or a text message displayed on the screen. An error at this point is almost always a hardware problem.
The BIOS then displays some details about your system. This typically includes information about:
• The processor
• The floppy drive and hard drive
• Memory
• BIOS revision and date
• Display
Any special drivers, such as the ones for small computer system interface (SCSI) adapters, are loaded from the adapter, and the BIOS displays the information.
The BIOS then looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the CMOS Setup. "Boot" is short for "bootstrap," as in the old phrase, "Lift yourself up by your bootstraps."
Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS will try to initiate the boot sequence from the first device. If the BIOS does not find a device, it will try the next device in the list.
If it does not find the proper files on a device, the startup process will halt. If you have ever left a floppy disk in the drive when you restarted your computer, you have probably seen this message.
This is the message you get if a floppy disk is in the drive when you restart your computer.
The BIOS has tried to boot the computer off of the floppy disk left in the drive. Since it did not find the correct system files, it could not continue. Of course, this is an easy fix. Simply pop out the disk and press a key to continue.
Download pdf About Bios
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anand
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Configuring BIOS
In the previous list, you saw that the BIOS checks the CMOS Setup for custom settings. Here's what you do to change those settings.
To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key or combination of keys during the initial startup sequence. Most systems use "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "Ctrl-Esc" or "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to enter setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display that tells you "Press ___ to Enter Setup."
Once you have entered setup, you will see a set of text screens with a number of options. Some of these are standard, while others vary according to the BIOS manufacturer. C
ommon options include:
• System Time/Date - Set the system time and date
• Boot Sequence - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating system
• Plug and Play - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; should be set to "Yes" if your computer and operating system both support it
• Mouse/Keyboard - "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard," "Auto-Detect Mouse"...
• Drive Configuration - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives
• Memory - Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory address
• Security - Set a password for accessing the computer
• Power Management - Select whether to use power management, as well as set the amount of time for standby and suspend
• Exit - Save your changes, discard your changes or restore default settings
CMOS Setup
Be very careful when making changes to setup. Incorrect settings may keep your computer from booting. When you are finished with your changes, you should choose "Save Changes" and exit. The BIOS will then restart your computer so that the new settings take effect.
The BIOS uses CMOS technology to save any changes made to the computer's settings. With this technology, a small lithium or Ni-Cad battery can supply enough power to keep the data for years. In fact, some of the newer chips have a 10-year, tiny lithium battery built right into the CMOS chip!
To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key or combination of keys during the initial startup sequence. Most systems use "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "Ctrl-Esc" or "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to enter setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display that tells you "Press ___ to Enter Setup."
Once you have entered setup, you will see a set of text screens with a number of options. Some of these are standard, while others vary according to the BIOS manufacturer. C
ommon options include:• System Time/Date - Set the system time and date
• Boot Sequence - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating system
• Plug and Play - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; should be set to "Yes" if your computer and operating system both support it
• Mouse/Keyboard - "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard," "Auto-Detect Mouse"...
• Drive Configuration - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives
• Memory - Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory address
• Security - Set a password for accessing the computer
• Power Management - Select whether to use power management, as well as set the amount of time for standby and suspend
• Exit - Save your changes, discard your changes or restore default settings
CMOS Setup
Be very careful when making changes to setup. Incorrect settings may keep your computer from booting. When you are finished with your changes, you should choose "Save Changes" and exit. The BIOS will then restart your computer so that the new settings take effect.
The BIOS uses CMOS technology to save any changes made to the computer's settings. With this technology, a small lithium or Ni-Cad battery can supply enough power to keep the data for years. In fact, some of the newer chips have a 10-year, tiny lithium battery built right into the CMOS chip!
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Updating Your BIOS
Occasionally, a computer will need to have its BIOS updated. This is especially true of older machines. As new devices and standards arise, the BIOS needs to change in order to understand the new hardware. Since the BIOS is stored in some form of ROM, changing it is a bit harder than upgrading most other types of software.
To change the BIOS itself, you'll probably need a special program from the computer or BIOS manufacturer. Look at the BIOS revision and date information displayed on system startup or check with your computer manufacturer to find out what type of BIOS you have.
Then go to the BIOS manufacturer's Web site to see if an upgrade is available. Download the upgrade and the utility program needed to install it. Sometimes the utility and update are combined in a single file to download.
Copy the program, along with the BIOS update, onto a floppy disk. Restart your computer with the floppy disk in the drive, and the program erases the old BIOS and writes the new one. You can find a BIOS Wizard that will check your BIOS at BIOS Upgrades.
Major BIOS manufacturers include:
• American Megatrends Inc. (AMI)
• Phoenix Technologies
• ALi
• Winbond
As with changes to the CMOS Setup, be careful when upgrading your BIOS. Make sure you are upgrading to a version that is compatible with your computer system.
Otherwise, you could corrupt the BIOS, which means you won't be able to boot your computer. If in doubt, check with your computer manufacturer to be sure you need to upgrade.
Download Pdf About Bios
To change the BIOS itself, you'll probably need a special program from the computer or BIOS manufacturer. Look at the BIOS revision and date information displayed on system startup or check with your computer manufacturer to find out what type of BIOS you have.
Then go to the BIOS manufacturer's Web site to see if an upgrade is available. Download the upgrade and the utility program needed to install it. Sometimes the utility and update are combined in a single file to download.
Copy the program, along with the BIOS update, onto a floppy disk. Restart your computer with the floppy disk in the drive, and the program erases the old BIOS and writes the new one. You can find a BIOS Wizard that will check your BIOS at BIOS Upgrades.
Major BIOS manufacturers include:
• American Megatrends Inc. (AMI)
• Phoenix Technologies
• ALi
• Winbond
As with changes to the CMOS Setup, be careful when upgrading your BIOS. Make sure you are upgrading to a version that is compatible with your computer system.
Otherwise, you could corrupt the BIOS, which means you won't be able to boot your computer. If in doubt, check with your computer manufacturer to be sure you need to upgrade.
Download Pdf About Bios
December 27, 2008
0
December 27, 2008
anand
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Cant Delete Some Files?
Some files need to be accessible when they are in use, otherwise you risk damaging the file or harming the Operating System.Windows XP have some files that cannot be deleted. These are frequently simple files like videos (AVI), MP3s or other harmless files. You try to delete the file, Windows waits a few seconds and announces that access is denied, the file is currently in use and cannot be deleted. However, you know it's not in use and you just want it deleted.
If you have faced this problem, here is a step-by-step process for trying to wash out the files you can't delete. It starts with the basics for Windows XP and moves on to more tricks. The process will work for all recent Windows releases, but Windows XP has been causing the most the problems, so we will focus on it. Please note: we are assuming that the file is not critical to the operation of Windows - deleting important system files can cause disorder.
1. Is the file in use? It sounds obvious but it happens. If it is being used or open, close the file and the application that opened it.
2. If the file was opened in an application (and subsequently closed), but the program is still running, try quitting the program. Windows will lock a file because the application hasn't yet released it. This is not always Windows fault and can be the fault of the program.
3. If the file is an AVI, in particular a DivX AVI, try renaming it and then deleting it. DivX files don't get on very well with Windows XP and sometimes renaming the file can trick Windows into releasing it.
4. Reboot the PC and don't start any programs. Go directly to the file and delete it.
5. In Windows Explorer, switch to View-Details and then select View-Choose Details. Uncheck everything except the file name. This stop Windows XP trying to read the file - this problem affects many video, audio and graphics files.
6. Still not done? OK, here is the best trick of all. Most sites give you puzzling Windows registry and DOS commands to remove a file, but the answer is so much simpler. Get a copy of MoveOnBoot. It's free and this simple tool allows you to Move, Copy or Delete files before Windows can lock or alter the files. The changes are made to your hard drive before Windows starts, hence it requires a restart of your system after you give MoveOnBoot its instructions. There are no messy boot or DOS commands, just a simple 3-step process.
Step 1: Locate the name of the file that is causing your problems.
Step 2: Decide if you want to copy, move or delete the file.
Step 3. Choose a destination for moving the file, or a new file name for the rename option (this option won't appear if you are deleting a file).
Click OK to confirm you want to process. The nice thing is that the program doesn't make you reboot straight away. It's a good idea to reboot ASAP, but if you are in the middle of something and want to wait, the program will simply run next time you start Windows.
7. If the file reappears again (check its creation date to ensure it is being recreated) and you can't make it budge, you may have trouble with spyware or a virus on your system (don't overlook the possibility it may also be an important system file). In this case you should get a good spyware removal program to scan your system.
If you have faced this problem, here is a step-by-step process for trying to wash out the files you can't delete. It starts with the basics for Windows XP and moves on to more tricks. The process will work for all recent Windows releases, but Windows XP has been causing the most the problems, so we will focus on it. Please note: we are assuming that the file is not critical to the operation of Windows - deleting important system files can cause disorder.
1. Is the file in use? It sounds obvious but it happens. If it is being used or open, close the file and the application that opened it.
2. If the file was opened in an application (and subsequently closed), but the program is still running, try quitting the program. Windows will lock a file because the application hasn't yet released it. This is not always Windows fault and can be the fault of the program.
3. If the file is an AVI, in particular a DivX AVI, try renaming it and then deleting it. DivX files don't get on very well with Windows XP and sometimes renaming the file can trick Windows into releasing it.
4. Reboot the PC and don't start any programs. Go directly to the file and delete it.
5. In Windows Explorer, switch to View-Details and then select View-Choose Details. Uncheck everything except the file name. This stop Windows XP trying to read the file - this problem affects many video, audio and graphics files.
6. Still not done? OK, here is the best trick of all. Most sites give you puzzling Windows registry and DOS commands to remove a file, but the answer is so much simpler. Get a copy of MoveOnBoot. It's free and this simple tool allows you to Move, Copy or Delete files before Windows can lock or alter the files. The changes are made to your hard drive before Windows starts, hence it requires a restart of your system after you give MoveOnBoot its instructions. There are no messy boot or DOS commands, just a simple 3-step process.
Step 1: Locate the name of the file that is causing your problems.
Step 2: Decide if you want to copy, move or delete the file.
Step 3. Choose a destination for moving the file, or a new file name for the rename option (this option won't appear if you are deleting a file).
Click OK to confirm you want to process. The nice thing is that the program doesn't make you reboot straight away. It's a good idea to reboot ASAP, but if you are in the middle of something and want to wait, the program will simply run next time you start Windows.
7. If the file reappears again (check its creation date to ensure it is being recreated) and you can't make it budge, you may have trouble with spyware or a virus on your system (don't overlook the possibility it may also be an important system file). In this case you should get a good spyware removal program to scan your system.
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anand
Cannot play video files in Media player !!!
Trouble:
One of the common problem is something like it said by the victims-- “When I put DVD into my computer, it shows no video, no graphic from media players, I can only hear the sound.”
This type of problem common. We often observe some problems in which we record a video on mobile phone, it runs well on phone, but on computer, the video runs without sound.
The most common reason for such problems is Missing Codecs.
What are Codecs ?
Codes are set of well defined Audio/Video standards which are used to decode certain types of audio/video files. Some video formats are modern and use certain codes which may not be installed on your computer. In absence of such codes, the video will not run properly or may not run at all.
Lets see how we can fix out this trouble.
Fix:
The fix for this problem is very simple, all you need to do is to install certain codes or a Media player that has these codes built in.
List of good codecs and other media players for Windows:
1. VLC Media player: This is our number one choice in terms of features, simplicity and ease of use. This is a complete media player which can run a large variety of audio and video file types with ease and simplicity.It works really well with both Windows XP and also Windows Vista.
2. K-Lite Mega Codec pack : This is a pack containing lots of codecs for a large number of audio and video formats.This codec pack also has a media player classic player also bundled with it. It works well with Windows XP but may not work very well with Windows Vista even may not seem compatible with vista.
3.Vista codec pack : This is a codec pack meant exclusively for Windows media player in vista and after installation windows media player in vista will play almost all type of video files.
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One of the common problem is something like it said by the victims-- “When I put DVD into my computer, it shows no video, no graphic from media players, I can only hear the sound.”
This type of problem common. We often observe some problems in which we record a video on mobile phone, it runs well on phone, but on computer, the video runs without sound.
The most common reason for such problems is Missing Codecs.
What are Codecs ?
Codes are set of well defined Audio/Video standards which are used to decode certain types of audio/video files. Some video formats are modern and use certain codes which may not be installed on your computer. In absence of such codes, the video will not run properly or may not run at all.
Lets see how we can fix out this trouble.
Fix:
The fix for this problem is very simple, all you need to do is to install certain codes or a Media player that has these codes built in.
List of good codecs and other media players for Windows:
1. VLC Media player: This is our number one choice in terms of features, simplicity and ease of use. This is a complete media player which can run a large variety of audio and video file types with ease and simplicity.It works really well with both Windows XP and also Windows Vista.
2. K-Lite Mega Codec pack : This is a pack containing lots of codecs for a large number of audio and video formats.This codec pack also has a media player classic player also bundled with it. It works well with Windows XP but may not work very well with Windows Vista even may not seem compatible with vista.
3.Vista codec pack : This is a codec pack meant exclusively for Windows media player in vista and after installation windows media player in vista will play almost all type of video files.
0
anand
There are abundance of technical resources on the Web that discuss cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). Suddenly one day it appears and you think - what the hell does that mean? In simple terms, a CRC is bit of mathematics used to ensure that your data is OK when data being transferred. It's a checking procedure that quickly identifies when data is damaged. If you get this message, it means that the file being read by your PC or software is corrupted. However, it does not mean all the data is lost forever. When data is transferred, it is usually in small blocks and each block is given a CRC value. If something goes wrong with the data between the times it leaves the source and arrives at its destination, the CRC sent at the source will no longer match the one that is calculated when the data arrives - this is when the cyclic redundancy check error will appear.
The most common time you will see the cyclic redundancy check error message is when trying to read data from a damaged CD or DVD. Just before it appears, your CD/DVD drive will probably grind and whirl away - your PC may also become a little sluggish.
Less frequent causes are the result of system crashes, and buggy software (hello Microsoft), incomplete downloads (often identified by the misleading message 'This is not a valid Windows file', 'This is not a valid win32 application' or 'Corrupt Zip file'). If this problem happens frequently with downloads, try using a download manager.
For CDs and DVDs, the problem is a little different. Normally, when CD/DVD drives get a CRC message from a disc, they try to read the disc again - hence the grinding sound is audible. After several failed attempts, they give up and display the redundancy check error. The problem can be hardware (loose cables, failing drive), software or damaged media. In most cases checking and cleaning the disc is the easiest way to overcome the problem. If different clean discs produce the same error, it is likely to be a hardware issue (check the discs in another drive). Another common cause of these errors is poorly burnt CDs and DVDs. USB burners suffer from this problem when the burn speed is too high .
If the discs are damaged, you'll probably need a recovery tool to get back your data. CDCheck 3 will work for CDs and DVDs. First it will check the media, and then you have the option to recover the files. It's free for personal use and has saved many people when it comes to recovering lost digital images and videos from damaged CDs.
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What is 'cyclic redundancy check error?
There are abundance of technical resources on the Web that discuss cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). Suddenly one day it appears and you think - what the hell does that mean? In simple terms, a CRC is bit of mathematics used to ensure that your data is OK when data being transferred. It's a checking procedure that quickly identifies when data is damaged. If you get this message, it means that the file being read by your PC or software is corrupted. However, it does not mean all the data is lost forever. When data is transferred, it is usually in small blocks and each block is given a CRC value. If something goes wrong with the data between the times it leaves the source and arrives at its destination, the CRC sent at the source will no longer match the one that is calculated when the data arrives - this is when the cyclic redundancy check error will appear.
The most common time you will see the cyclic redundancy check error message is when trying to read data from a damaged CD or DVD. Just before it appears, your CD/DVD drive will probably grind and whirl away - your PC may also become a little sluggish.
Less frequent causes are the result of system crashes, and buggy software (hello Microsoft), incomplete downloads (often identified by the misleading message 'This is not a valid Windows file', 'This is not a valid win32 application' or 'Corrupt Zip file'). If this problem happens frequently with downloads, try using a download manager.
For CDs and DVDs, the problem is a little different. Normally, when CD/DVD drives get a CRC message from a disc, they try to read the disc again - hence the grinding sound is audible. After several failed attempts, they give up and display the redundancy check error. The problem can be hardware (loose cables, failing drive), software or damaged media. In most cases checking and cleaning the disc is the easiest way to overcome the problem. If different clean discs produce the same error, it is likely to be a hardware issue (check the discs in another drive). Another common cause of these errors is poorly burnt CDs and DVDs. USB burners suffer from this problem when the burn speed is too high .
If the discs are damaged, you'll probably need a recovery tool to get back your data. CDCheck 3 will work for CDs and DVDs. First it will check the media, and then you have the option to recover the files. It's free for personal use and has saved many people when it comes to recovering lost digital images and videos from damaged CDs.
December 25, 2008
0
December 25, 2008
anand
"Three Keyboard Shortcuts OneNeed to Learn" I'm a big fan of keyboard shortcuts. Its common scenario that no one wants to reach to the mouse everytime to do any operation . I am providing a list of five Firefox shortcuts I use all day, every day:
* Alt-Left Arrow: Sends you back to the previous page you were viewing. Alt-Right Arrow, of course, takes you forward one page.
* Ctrl-F: Brings up the Find tool, which works dynamically (i.e. as you type). Then I press F3 to jump to the next instance of my search item.
* Ctrl-T: Opens a new tab. Note that you can start typing a URL immediately upon doing so, as the cursor automatically appears in the Awesome Bar.
* Ctrl-Tab: Switches you to the next open tab. Ctrl-Shift-Tab takes you back a tab.
* No "www" prefix: Are you still typing "www" at the beginning of every Web address? Guess what: The browser doesn't need it. So the shortcut here is to just leave it off. You can try it
read more
Five Firefox Shortcuts
"Three Keyboard Shortcuts OneNeed to Learn" I'm a big fan of keyboard shortcuts. Its common scenario that no one wants to reach to the mouse everytime to do any operation . I am providing a list of five Firefox shortcuts I use all day, every day:
* Alt-Left Arrow: Sends you back to the previous page you were viewing. Alt-Right Arrow, of course, takes you forward one page.
* Ctrl-F: Brings up the Find tool, which works dynamically (i.e. as you type). Then I press F3 to jump to the next instance of my search item.
* Ctrl-T: Opens a new tab. Note that you can start typing a URL immediately upon doing so, as the cursor automatically appears in the Awesome Bar.
* Ctrl-Tab: Switches you to the next open tab. Ctrl-Shift-Tab takes you back a tab.
* No "www" prefix: Are you still typing "www" at the beginning of every Web address? Guess what: The browser doesn't need it. So the shortcut here is to just leave it off. You can try it
0
anand
Do you know the potential of windows key on your keyboard ?
Most people leave it unnoticed, but that's a mistake. One press is the same as clicking the Start button with your mouse. And pressing it in combination with other keys can save one from having to reach for the mouse at all. Here are three Windows-key shortcuts you should memorize immediately:
* Windows-D - Minimizes all open windows so you can see the desktop. A second tap restores them.
* Windows-E - Opens Windows Explorer (the file-management tool, not the browser). This is much quicker than right-clicking the Start button and then Explore, or trying to find Explorer in the Start menu.
* Windows-F - Launches Windows' search tool (remember "F" for "find").
read more
Three Keyboard Shortcuts One Need to Learn
Do you know the potential of windows key on your keyboard ?
Most people leave it unnoticed, but that's a mistake. One press is the same as clicking the Start button with your mouse. And pressing it in combination with other keys can save one from having to reach for the mouse at all. Here are three Windows-key shortcuts you should memorize immediately:
* Windows-D - Minimizes all open windows so you can see the desktop. A second tap restores them.
* Windows-E - Opens Windows Explorer (the file-management tool, not the browser). This is much quicker than right-clicking the Start button and then Explore, or trying to find Explorer in the Start menu.
* Windows-F - Launches Windows' search tool (remember "F" for "find").
December 24, 2008
1
December 24, 2008
anand
Computer is slow at start up, takes too long to boot up
Trouble:
It takes too long to boot the computer. Although a PC having a good H/W configuration It becomes very slow even after it boots.
The problem is quite common. The main reason behind such problems is too many start-up tasks start when windows start, also as we install different software or applications on computer, there are some background tasks associated with some applications which start running at start-up.
Fix:
How to identify the trouble?
Press Shift+Ctrl+del . This will open task manager. Click on “Performance” tab.
If the PF usage is higher than the amount of your computer’s RAM (Physical memory), then it slows down your computer considerably. The performance is poor and slow.
In such case you need to disable some of your start-up tasks which are not essential for the system. See the steps below for steps to disable start-up tasks.
How to Fix the trouble?
Startup tasks can be easily disabled with the help of a utility by Microsoft called Autoruns. You can download Autoruns from this link. After download, unzip and run Autoruns.exe, Click on Logon tab .
Logon tab shows all the tasks which are automatically start every time windows start. Have a close look and disable some of the tasks which you don’t need at startup. For example, in some computers, at logon, web cam software, acrobat reader, real player up-dater, yahoo messenger , etc. applications start running while you may not be needing the all the time.
To disable un-necessary items to load at logon, simply un-check those items in the log-on tab as below. These applications can be started later when needed from start menu. After un-checking, just restart your computer and see the difference.
NOTE: Do not disable tasks which you are not very sure about, as they may stop some useful applications to stop from loading at start-up.
read more
It takes too long to boot the computer. Although a PC having a good H/W configuration It becomes very slow even after it boots.
The problem is quite common. The main reason behind such problems is too many start-up tasks start when windows start, also as we install different software or applications on computer, there are some background tasks associated with some applications which start running at start-up.
Fix:
How to identify the trouble?
Press Shift+Ctrl+del . This will open task manager. Click on “Performance” tab.
If the PF usage is higher than the amount of your computer’s RAM (Physical memory), then it slows down your computer considerably. The performance is poor and slow.
In such case you need to disable some of your start-up tasks which are not essential for the system. See the steps below for steps to disable start-up tasks.
How to Fix the trouble?
Startup tasks can be easily disabled with the help of a utility by Microsoft called Autoruns. You can download Autoruns from this link. After download, unzip and run Autoruns.exe, Click on Logon tab .
Logon tab shows all the tasks which are automatically start every time windows start. Have a close look and disable some of the tasks which you don’t need at startup. For example, in some computers, at logon, web cam software, acrobat reader, real player up-dater, yahoo messenger , etc. applications start running while you may not be needing the all the time.
To disable un-necessary items to load at logon, simply un-check those items in the log-on tab as below. These applications can be started later when needed from start menu. After un-checking, just restart your computer and see the difference.
NOTE: Do not disable tasks which you are not very sure about, as they may stop some useful applications to stop from loading at start-up.
December 21, 2008
1
Orkut is a social networking service which is run by Google and named after its creator, an Orkut Buyukkokten. The service states that it was designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships.Since October 2006, Orkut has permitted users to create accounts without an invitation.
Orkut is the most trafficked website in Brazil and second most visited site in India. A large percentage of users in India are high school and college students. The initial target market for Orkut was the United States, but the majority of its users are in Brazil and India. In fact, as of May 2008, 53.86% of Orkut's users are from Brazil, followed by India with 16.97% and 23.4% of the traffic comes from Brazil, followed by India with 18.0%.
Originally hosted in California, in August 2008 Google announced that Orkut will be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues.
Orkut is a site where the users can share photos and videos with their friends who may live at far of places. It plays a vital role in maintaining and affirming relationships. Well, it’s a common roof where the users get a opportunity to share their ideas and views. Strangers become friend and friends become even more closer.
There are many features incorporated to Orkut. These are scrap book, community etc
Scrapbook:
"Scrapping" is popular among the Orkut community as a form of offline and online communication. In December 2007, the ability to pop up alerts immediately when a scrap is received was added. The scrap feature is sometimes used for chatting.
Community
Its one of the most efficient feature of Orkut. It’s a place where people of similar thoughts meet and share ideas to flourish in their respective area of concern…
Its still more to know about it. The users explains its worth better than any one
read more
Orkut is a social networking service which is run by Google and named after its creator, an Orkut Buyukkokten. The service states that it was designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships.Since October 2006, Orkut has permitted users to create accounts without an invitation.
Orkut is the most trafficked website in Brazil and second most visited site in India. A large percentage of users in India are high school and college students. The initial target market for Orkut was the United States, but the majority of its users are in Brazil and India. In fact, as of May 2008, 53.86% of Orkut's users are from Brazil, followed by India with 16.97% and 23.4% of the traffic comes from Brazil, followed by India with 18.0%.
Originally hosted in California, in August 2008 Google announced that Orkut will be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues.
Orkut is a site where the users can share photos and videos with their friends who may live at far of places. It plays a vital role in maintaining and affirming relationships. Well, it’s a common roof where the users get a opportunity to share their ideas and views. Strangers become friend and friends become even more closer.
There are many features incorporated to Orkut. These are scrap book, community etc
Scrapbook:
"Scrapping" is popular among the Orkut community as a form of offline and online communication. In December 2007, the ability to pop up alerts immediately when a scrap is received was added. The scrap feature is sometimes used for chatting.
Community
Its one of the most efficient feature of Orkut. It’s a place where people of similar thoughts meet and share ideas to flourish in their respective area of concern…
Its still more to know about it. The users explains its worth better than any one
0
Facebook is a popular, free-access social networking website that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. Users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region to connect and interact with other people. People can also add friends and send them messages, and update their personal profile to notify friends about themselves.
Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook while he was a student at Harvard University. Website membership was initially limited to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Ivy League. It later expanded further to include any university student, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. The website currently has more than 140 million active users worldwide.
Facebook has confronted with some disagreement over the past few years. It has been blocked sporadically in several countries including Syria and Iran. It has also been banned at many places of work to increase productivity. Privacy has also been an issue, and it has been compromised several times. It is also facing several lawsuits from a number of Zuckerberg's former classmates, who claim that Facebook had stolen their source code and other intellectual property.
Mark Zuckerberg founded "The Facebook", originally located at thefacebook.com, on February 4, 2004 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore. The company dropped “The” from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000.
Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, and within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Stanford, Columbia, and Yale. This expansion continued when it opened to all Ivy League schools and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States. In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to Palo Alto, California. In October 2008, Facebook announced that it was to set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.
Facebook launched a high school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step. At that time, high school networks required an invitation to join.[17] Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies including Apple Inc. and Microsoft. Facebook was then opened to everyone of ages 13 and older with a valid e-mail address on September 26, 2006.
read more
Facebook is a popular, free-access social networking website that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. Users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region to connect and interact with other people. People can also add friends and send them messages, and update their personal profile to notify friends about themselves.
Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook while he was a student at Harvard University. Website membership was initially limited to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Ivy League. It later expanded further to include any university student, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. The website currently has more than 140 million active users worldwide.
Facebook has confronted with some disagreement over the past few years. It has been blocked sporadically in several countries including Syria and Iran. It has also been banned at many places of work to increase productivity. Privacy has also been an issue, and it has been compromised several times. It is also facing several lawsuits from a number of Zuckerberg's former classmates, who claim that Facebook had stolen their source code and other intellectual property.
Mark Zuckerberg founded "The Facebook", originally located at thefacebook.com, on February 4, 2004 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore. The company dropped “The” from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000.
Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, and within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Stanford, Columbia, and Yale. This expansion continued when it opened to all Ivy League schools and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States. In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to Palo Alto, California. In October 2008, Facebook announced that it was to set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.
Facebook launched a high school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step. At that time, high school networks required an invitation to join.[17] Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies including Apple Inc. and Microsoft. Facebook was then opened to everyone of ages 13 and older with a valid e-mail address on September 26, 2006.
December 13, 2008
2
December 13, 2008
anand
Computer problems which seems quite cumber are actually easy to be fixed
Here are four common PC problems one may be able to fix:
1. Turning on the computer, nothing happens. No lights, no fan, no beeps, and noise. What’s the first thing to do? Be certain the plug is plugged in. Even if you're certain that it is connected check it again. Assuming that it is plugged in, you perhaps have a bad power supply. This is a metal cache located in the top and back of the computer. It is generally held in by four screws and the power cable connects to it. A fan blows air out the back. A wiring tied together exits the power supply inside the computer. Numerous power connectors are attached to the ends of the wires. These plug into drives. The mess of wires also will have connectors to the motherboard. It doesn't matter which wire connects where, as long as the connector fits. When you open the computer, this mess of wiring can be very unapproachable. Studying it you'll find it less inexplicable. Note down connections if necessary. Disconnect the wires and remove the power supply. Take it to the computer store and get a replacement with the same wattage. Yes, you are right I am talking about the SMPS!!!
2. The computer is on, but nothing appears on the monitor. In other words, Windows doesn’t shows up. You may have a monitor problem. Try using another known-good monitor on the computer and see if anything shows up on the screen. If the second monitor works, the first one is bad. Monitors are not worth repairing. Just get a new one. Never open the back of a monitor to fix it. The capacitors inside monitors store electricity. You may be injured or even killed. If the screen is dark, it could be a video card problem. First, find the video card. This is a circuit board that fits into a slot in the motherboard. The cable from the monitor connects to the VGA (video graphics adapter) port, which sticks out through the back of the computer. If the VGA port is part of the motherboard, the video is built-in. You can't fix that. Otherwise, it will be part of the video card. Assuming you have a separate card, be sure it is firmly seated. The front end of the card can rise out of the slot unintentionally when the back end is screwed down to the computer frame. If you have a computer that is working perfectly, turn it off and remove the video card. Put the card that works in the problem computer. If the system works, you need a new card. If you don't have an extra card to test your system, buy a cheap one. If it doesn't solve the problem, take it back. You can spend hundreds of dollars on a video card. But if you're running business applications and surfing the Web, buy on price. The expensive stuff is for serious gamers.
3. The computer comes on, but nothing appears on your monitor. In other words, Windows never shows up. You may have a monitor problem. Try using another known-good monitor on the computer and see if anything shows up on the screen. If the second monitor works, the first one is bad. Monitors are not worth repairing. Just buy a new one. Never open the back of a monitor to fix it. The capacitors inside monitors store electricity. You could be injured or even killed.If the screen is dark, it could be a video card problem. First, find the video card. This is a circuit board that fits into a slot in the motherboard. The cable from the monitor connects to the VGA (video graphics adapter) port, which sticks out through the back of the computer. If the VGA port is part of the motherboard, the video is built-in. You can't fix that. Otherwise, it will be part of the video card.Assuming you have a separate card, be sure it is firmly seated. The front end of the card can rise out of the slot inadvertently when the back end is screwed down to the computer frame.If you have a computer that is working perfectly, turn it off and remove the video card. Put the card that works in the problem computer. If the system works, you need a new card. If you don't have an extra card to test your system, buy a cheap one ($30-$50). If it doesn't solve the problem, take it back.You can spend hundreds of dollars on a video card. But if you're running business applications and surfing the Web, buy on price. The expensive stuff is for serious gamers.
read more
Solution of Basic PC Problems
Computer problems which seems quite cumber are actually easy to be fixed
Here are four common PC problems one may be able to fix:
1. Turning on the computer, nothing happens. No lights, no fan, no beeps, and noise. What’s the first thing to do? Be certain the plug is plugged in. Even if you're certain that it is connected check it again. Assuming that it is plugged in, you perhaps have a bad power supply. This is a metal cache located in the top and back of the computer. It is generally held in by four screws and the power cable connects to it. A fan blows air out the back. A wiring tied together exits the power supply inside the computer. Numerous power connectors are attached to the ends of the wires. These plug into drives. The mess of wires also will have connectors to the motherboard. It doesn't matter which wire connects where, as long as the connector fits. When you open the computer, this mess of wiring can be very unapproachable. Studying it you'll find it less inexplicable. Note down connections if necessary. Disconnect the wires and remove the power supply. Take it to the computer store and get a replacement with the same wattage. Yes, you are right I am talking about the SMPS!!!
2. The computer is on, but nothing appears on the monitor. In other words, Windows doesn’t shows up. You may have a monitor problem. Try using another known-good monitor on the computer and see if anything shows up on the screen. If the second monitor works, the first one is bad. Monitors are not worth repairing. Just get a new one. Never open the back of a monitor to fix it. The capacitors inside monitors store electricity. You may be injured or even killed. If the screen is dark, it could be a video card problem. First, find the video card. This is a circuit board that fits into a slot in the motherboard. The cable from the monitor connects to the VGA (video graphics adapter) port, which sticks out through the back of the computer. If the VGA port is part of the motherboard, the video is built-in. You can't fix that. Otherwise, it will be part of the video card. Assuming you have a separate card, be sure it is firmly seated. The front end of the card can rise out of the slot unintentionally when the back end is screwed down to the computer frame. If you have a computer that is working perfectly, turn it off and remove the video card. Put the card that works in the problem computer. If the system works, you need a new card. If you don't have an extra card to test your system, buy a cheap one. If it doesn't solve the problem, take it back. You can spend hundreds of dollars on a video card. But if you're running business applications and surfing the Web, buy on price. The expensive stuff is for serious gamers.
3. The computer comes on, but nothing appears on your monitor. In other words, Windows never shows up. You may have a monitor problem. Try using another known-good monitor on the computer and see if anything shows up on the screen. If the second monitor works, the first one is bad. Monitors are not worth repairing. Just buy a new one. Never open the back of a monitor to fix it. The capacitors inside monitors store electricity. You could be injured or even killed.If the screen is dark, it could be a video card problem. First, find the video card. This is a circuit board that fits into a slot in the motherboard. The cable from the monitor connects to the VGA (video graphics adapter) port, which sticks out through the back of the computer. If the VGA port is part of the motherboard, the video is built-in. You can't fix that. Otherwise, it will be part of the video card.Assuming you have a separate card, be sure it is firmly seated. The front end of the card can rise out of the slot inadvertently when the back end is screwed down to the computer frame.If you have a computer that is working perfectly, turn it off and remove the video card. Put the card that works in the problem computer. If the system works, you need a new card. If you don't have an extra card to test your system, buy a cheap one ($30-$50). If it doesn't solve the problem, take it back.You can spend hundreds of dollars on a video card. But if you're running business applications and surfing the Web, buy on price. The expensive stuff is for serious gamers.
December 11, 2008
0
December 11, 2008
anand
Features
The Main Features of Bluetooth are given below:
• It operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band without having a license for wireless communication.
• Up to 10-100 meters data can be transfer in real time.
• Close proximity & accuracy is not required for Bluetooth as in case of infrared data (IrDA) communication device. Bluetooth does not suffer from interference from obstacles such as walls while infrared suffers due to obstacles.
• Bluetooth supports both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless connections without cables between mobile phones and personal computers.
• Data transfer rate of blue tooth varies from version to version. Data rate of 1 Mbps for Version 1.2 Up to 3 Mbps for Version 2.0.
Then major parts of Bluetooth system are RF transceiver, base band, and protocol stack. Bluetooth is used for small-area networking without user intervention.
Due to extremely low transmission power in Bluetooth technique battery power is saved. It is a networking standard that works at two levels:
• Physical level.
• Protocol level
Due to these levels mobiles have to agree on these levels when bits are sent. It decides the amount of data to be sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the message sent.
Bluetooth networking transmits data through low-power radio waves. It can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With in the range of about ten meters you must think that the devices will not interfere with each other.
Bluetooth solved the problem of devices interference while sending the data by using the technique of Spread-Spectrum Frequency Hopping due to which devices may transfer data at the same frequency at the same time.
The question rises here is how Bluetooth send the same data using same frequency band without devices interferences? In Bluetooth technique, transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times in every second. In this way devices can make full use of a limited band of the radio spectrum.
When Bluetooth devices came into the range of each other, conversations take place automatically. This conversation automatically determines whether they have the data to share or not.
In this way Bluetooth devices not only share the data but also control the data to be transferred. When the connection is established, the devices either they are part of a computer system or a network, Bluetooth systems create a personal-area network.
The technology used in Bluetooth also provides security in three ways:
• Pseudo-random frequency hopping,
• Authentication,
• Encryption.
Frequency hops make it difficult for anyone to eavesdrop. Authentication allows a user to limit connectivity to specified devices.
Encryption uses secret keys to make data intelligible only to authorized parties. Service-level security and device-level security work together to protect Bluetooth devices from unauthorized data transmission.
Security
Many serious problems create only due to improper security issues. Some of them are given below:
• Blue jacking
• Blue bugging
• Car Whisperer
Blue Jacking
It is used to send a business card in the form of text message via Bluetooth to other users. It should be noted that the distance between two users is not more than 10 meters. If the user doesn't found the proper text, he should add the contact to his phone book.
After saving his contact in his address book retry to send the same message. In this way the user can get business card from other user via Bluetooth. It’s all because of the known destination from where the massage is being coming.
Blue Bugging
Due to this hackers can access user’s phone.
hacking
It not only access one’s mobile phone, but also use its features including placing call, messaging. Even though the user doesn't realize it’s happening.
Car Whisperer
Car whisper is a type of software due to which hackers can send and receive audio file from a Bluetooth-enabled car stereo.
read more
Bluetooth Technology
Features
The Main Features of Bluetooth are given below:
• It operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band without having a license for wireless communication.
• Up to 10-100 meters data can be transfer in real time.
• Close proximity & accuracy is not required for Bluetooth as in case of infrared data (IrDA) communication device. Bluetooth does not suffer from interference from obstacles such as walls while infrared suffers due to obstacles.
• Bluetooth supports both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless connections without cables between mobile phones and personal computers.
• Data transfer rate of blue tooth varies from version to version. Data rate of 1 Mbps for Version 1.2 Up to 3 Mbps for Version 2.0.
Then major parts of Bluetooth system are RF transceiver, base band, and protocol stack. Bluetooth is used for small-area networking without user intervention.
Due to extremely low transmission power in Bluetooth technique battery power is saved. It is a networking standard that works at two levels:
• Physical level.
• Protocol level
Due to these levels mobiles have to agree on these levels when bits are sent. It decides the amount of data to be sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the message sent.
Bluetooth networking transmits data through low-power radio waves. It can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With in the range of about ten meters you must think that the devices will not interfere with each other.
Bluetooth solved the problem of devices interference while sending the data by using the technique of Spread-Spectrum Frequency Hopping due to which devices may transfer data at the same frequency at the same time.
The question rises here is how Bluetooth send the same data using same frequency band without devices interferences? In Bluetooth technique, transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times in every second. In this way devices can make full use of a limited band of the radio spectrum.
When Bluetooth devices came into the range of each other, conversations take place automatically. This conversation automatically determines whether they have the data to share or not.
In this way Bluetooth devices not only share the data but also control the data to be transferred. When the connection is established, the devices either they are part of a computer system or a network, Bluetooth systems create a personal-area network.
The technology used in Bluetooth also provides security in three ways:
• Pseudo-random frequency hopping,
• Authentication,
• Encryption.
Frequency hops make it difficult for anyone to eavesdrop. Authentication allows a user to limit connectivity to specified devices.
Encryption uses secret keys to make data intelligible only to authorized parties. Service-level security and device-level security work together to protect Bluetooth devices from unauthorized data transmission.
Security
Many serious problems create only due to improper security issues. Some of them are given below:
• Blue jacking
• Blue bugging
• Car Whisperer
Blue Jacking
It is used to send a business card in the form of text message via Bluetooth to other users. It should be noted that the distance between two users is not more than 10 meters. If the user doesn't found the proper text, he should add the contact to his phone book.
After saving his contact in his address book retry to send the same message. In this way the user can get business card from other user via Bluetooth. It’s all because of the known destination from where the massage is being coming.
Blue Bugging
Due to this hackers can access user’s phone.
hacking
It not only access one’s mobile phone, but also use its features including placing call, messaging. Even though the user doesn't realize it’s happening.
Car Whisperer
Car whisper is a type of software due to which hackers can send and receive audio file from a Bluetooth-enabled car stereo.
0
anand
Be Careful about Recurring Fees with Downloads
While many people enjoy the entertainment features available with today's cell phone such as games, wallpaper, ringtones, and screensavers, realize that many of these features involve recurring fees.
While some cell phone games, wallpapers, ringtones, and screensavers may only entail a one-time charge, many of the larger entertainment providers charge recurring monthly fees for the use of such features. Granted, some companies charge a monthly fee and let you choose different games, wallpapers, ringtones, or screensavers every month; thus, this may work for you. Just remember to read the fine print before installing any software on your cell phone!
Watch for Transfer Fees when Downloading
When purchasing games, screensavers, ringtones, or other "goodies" for your cell phone, note that the purchase price of the items may not be all that you pay. Cell phone companies may charge transfer fees while you download the items. If so, these fees may be waived if you download items during non-peak times. If you're concerned about extra fees, you may wish to contact your cell phone company's customer service for more information before purchasing these items.
read more
Downloading
Be Careful about Recurring Fees with Downloads
While many people enjoy the entertainment features available with today's cell phone such as games, wallpaper, ringtones, and screensavers, realize that many of these features involve recurring fees.
While some cell phone games, wallpapers, ringtones, and screensavers may only entail a one-time charge, many of the larger entertainment providers charge recurring monthly fees for the use of such features. Granted, some companies charge a monthly fee and let you choose different games, wallpapers, ringtones, or screensavers every month; thus, this may work for you. Just remember to read the fine print before installing any software on your cell phone!
Watch for Transfer Fees when Downloading
When purchasing games, screensavers, ringtones, or other "goodies" for your cell phone, note that the purchase price of the items may not be all that you pay. Cell phone companies may charge transfer fees while you download the items. If so, these fees may be waived if you download items during non-peak times. If you're concerned about extra fees, you may wish to contact your cell phone company's customer service for more information before purchasing these items.
0
anand
Roaming
While roaming, when calling people from your cell phone, don't be surprised if they don't always pick up their phone. Depending on your cell phone carrier and your current location, your phone number may not appear on the recipient's caller ID. Instead their caller ID may just list "Unknown Number" or "000-000-0000", prompting many to not answer your call.
Roaming Can Happen Anytime, Anywhere!
As mentioned in my cell phone tip about reading the manual, it can pay to know your cell phone's features and how it reports information to you - literally! Knowing whether your cell phone is roaming or not can prevent you from making a potentially costly call.
Just because you are in a city that is supposed to be covered by a cell phone's network doesn't mean that "holes" or breaks in coverage can't occur. For example, on a recent trip, my cell phone switched from digital network to analog network to roaming - all while walking between rooms inside a single condo!
Your network status can change even when traveling extremely small distances, so if you want to save money, always check your cell phone's status and icons before making calls.
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Roaming Can Happen Anytime, Anywhere!
As mentioned in my cell phone tip about reading the manual, it can pay to know your cell phone's features and how it reports information to you - literally! Knowing whether your cell phone is roaming or not can prevent you from making a potentially costly call.
Just because you are in a city that is supposed to be covered by a cell phone's network doesn't mean that "holes" or breaks in coverage can't occur. For example, on a recent trip, my cell phone switched from digital network to analog network to roaming - all while walking between rooms inside a single condo!
Your network status can change even when traveling extremely small distances, so if you want to save money, always check your cell phone's status and icons before making calls.
0
anand
Battery Conservation Tips
Is your cell phone battery losing power constantly? Have you ever had to stop using your cell phone in the middle of a call because the battery died? Battery Conservations Tips
Here are a few tips you can use to conserve your cell phone battery's power:
• Turn off the backlight. While this may make it harder to use your cell phone at nighttime or in pitch-black situations, most of the time you can easily use your cell phone without it being brightly lit. If you must, change your cell phone's backlight settings so the light goes off after 5 or 10 seconds of inactivity. This way your phone should still be usable at nighttime.
• If you know you're traveling to an area without coverage or with only roaming coverage, consider turning off your cell phone. It can use up a lot of power trying to find a suitable network.
• The less you talk, the less battery power your cell phone will use. Try to limit your conversations until you can get to your home phone.
• Limit your usage of non-voice features such as web browsing and playing cell-phone games. If you have a picture cell phone, realize that taking pictures can eat up battery power, especially if you have flash turned on.
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Here are a few tips you can use to conserve your cell phone battery's power:
• Turn off the backlight. While this may make it harder to use your cell phone at nighttime or in pitch-black situations, most of the time you can easily use your cell phone without it being brightly lit. If you must, change your cell phone's backlight settings so the light goes off after 5 or 10 seconds of inactivity. This way your phone should still be usable at nighttime.
• If you know you're traveling to an area without coverage or with only roaming coverage, consider turning off your cell phone. It can use up a lot of power trying to find a suitable network.
• The less you talk, the less battery power your cell phone will use. Try to limit your conversations until you can get to your home phone.
• Limit your usage of non-voice features such as web browsing and playing cell-phone games. If you have a picture cell phone, realize that taking pictures can eat up battery power, especially if you have flash turned on.
0
anand
MOBILE TIPS
GENERAL TIPS
• Use your phone's security lock code, if it has one.
• Disable Bluetooth, if not in use.
• Always use a mobile hanging ribbon/thread/strip for safety.
• Install Anti-virus Software. General tips
• Record details of your electronic serial number (ESN) of your CDMA phone.
• GSM Phones have a unique IMEI number. Key in *#06# to find yours, record it, and keep it safe.
• Properly mark your phone with your postcode and House No. to help police identify stolen ones.
• Enable the PIN Code on the handset.
• Only unlock the phone when you need to use it.
• Never buy a phone unless you know the seller is the owner, can they produce the original packaging or a receipt?
• Don’t give your mobile phone to strangers on the pretext of emergency situation. They may slip away with your mobile handset.
Mobile Security
• Report a lost or stolen phone to the police immediately and insist for an acknowledgment.
• Inform your Service Provider if your phone is stolen or lost.
• Keep your phone out of sight in your pocket or handbag when not in use. Don’t attract attention to your phone when you are carrying or using it in the street.
• Don't leave your mobile unattended.
• Keep windows/doors of your car closed, when you are talking on mobile phone. Do not use mobile phone while driving.
• While driving, never keep your cellphone on the dashboard.
• Subscribe to a Mobile Tracking Service available in the Mobile Market(If it is supported on your handset).
• Extra vigilance can produce results. You are less likely to become a victim if you are aware of your surroundings.
Warning: Forwarding any content, which is Pornographic in nature is a Punishable Offence.
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• Use your phone's security lock code, if it has one.
• Disable Bluetooth, if not in use.
• Always use a mobile hanging ribbon/thread/strip for safety.
• Install Anti-virus Software. General tips
• Record details of your electronic serial number (ESN) of your CDMA phone.
• GSM Phones have a unique IMEI number. Key in *#06# to find yours, record it, and keep it safe.
• Properly mark your phone with your postcode and House No. to help police identify stolen ones.
• Enable the PIN Code on the handset.
• Only unlock the phone when you need to use it.
• Never buy a phone unless you know the seller is the owner, can they produce the original packaging or a receipt?
• Don’t give your mobile phone to strangers on the pretext of emergency situation. They may slip away with your mobile handset.
Mobile Security
• Report a lost or stolen phone to the police immediately and insist for an acknowledgment.
• Inform your Service Provider if your phone is stolen or lost.
• Keep your phone out of sight in your pocket or handbag when not in use. Don’t attract attention to your phone when you are carrying or using it in the street.
• Don't leave your mobile unattended.
• Keep windows/doors of your car closed, when you are talking on mobile phone. Do not use mobile phone while driving.
• While driving, never keep your cellphone on the dashboard.
• Subscribe to a Mobile Tracking Service available in the Mobile Market(If it is supported on your handset).
• Extra vigilance can produce results. You are less likely to become a victim if you are aware of your surroundings.
Warning: Forwarding any content, which is Pornographic in nature is a Punishable Offence.
1
anand
You would never consider setting the combination of your family safe to something as simple as, "1 … 2 … 3." But even though computer and internet passwords provide access to far more money than your home safe, many people set themselves up to get hacked when they select passwords that are far too simple or that are changed too infrequently.
1. Keep hackers guessing
• Use strong passwords of at least 7 characters long, with a mix lower and uppercase letters and digits. Example: AxV37TtP0.
• Never use common words or names in your password. In fact, making up new words is an effective way to keep hackers from guessing your password.
• Change your passwords regularly. No matter how closely you guard your password, it will eventually become compromised. By changing your password regularly, however, you can ensure that by the time a hacker gets a hold of your password you've already changed it.
2. Use a variety of different passwords
It is human nature for people to feel comfortable with a particular username and password, and to keep using it over and over. Because hackers know this, they often target less secured sites in order to harvest usernames and passwords, with the knowledge that those same username and password combinations are likely to work at more secured (and more valuable) sites such as online banks.
Suggestions:
• Use different passwords and usernames for all web-based applications. If you are overwhelmed by the thought of having to remember a dozen different passwords, come up with a system for numerically organizing passwords so that even if you forget a password you'll be able to quickly guess it later by comparing it with those of your passwords that you do remember.
• Be creative with your usernames. Almost everyone uses some combination of first initial/ last name, so a hacker can simply presume that in any database there is a JSmith, a JSmith1, and so on. Make sure that your username isn't something that can be easily guessed.
3. Password protect your computer login access
While many people are willing to set up complex passwords for online services, they often resist doing so to protect physical access to their computer. The truth is, however, almost every computer is in danger of being accessed by individuals who don't have authorization to do so. From your own children, to the maid that cleans your house while you're at work, the person accessing your computer does not have to intend to harm you or your computer to accidentally do so, so everyone needs a strong password for physical computer access.
Suggestions:
• Not only add a password to your personal profile, but also to any guest accounts. Again, you aren't just concerned with someone maliciously attempting to harm your computer, often the biggest danger is from inexperienced internet users who are just curious.
• Use a screen saver with password protection. It is all well and good to password protect your windows logins, but if you're like most people, your computer is often left idle rather than being shut down immediately after you're done using it. So eliminate this vulnerability by setting up a password protected screen saver to start up if your computer is left in idle mode for more than a few minutes.
• Consider creating a desktop shortcut to lock down your computer if you're the type of person who will forget to secure things if it isn't simple and convenient to do so.
read more
Password Protection
You would never consider setting the combination of your family safe to something as simple as, "1 … 2 … 3." But even though computer and internet passwords provide access to far more money than your home safe, many people set themselves up to get hacked when they select passwords that are far too simple or that are changed too infrequently.
1. Keep hackers guessing
• Use strong passwords of at least 7 characters long, with a mix lower and uppercase letters and digits. Example: AxV37TtP0.
• Never use common words or names in your password. In fact, making up new words is an effective way to keep hackers from guessing your password.
• Change your passwords regularly. No matter how closely you guard your password, it will eventually become compromised. By changing your password regularly, however, you can ensure that by the time a hacker gets a hold of your password you've already changed it.
2. Use a variety of different passwords
It is human nature for people to feel comfortable with a particular username and password, and to keep using it over and over. Because hackers know this, they often target less secured sites in order to harvest usernames and passwords, with the knowledge that those same username and password combinations are likely to work at more secured (and more valuable) sites such as online banks.
Suggestions:
• Use different passwords and usernames for all web-based applications. If you are overwhelmed by the thought of having to remember a dozen different passwords, come up with a system for numerically organizing passwords so that even if you forget a password you'll be able to quickly guess it later by comparing it with those of your passwords that you do remember.
• Be creative with your usernames. Almost everyone uses some combination of first initial/ last name, so a hacker can simply presume that in any database there is a JSmith, a JSmith1, and so on. Make sure that your username isn't something that can be easily guessed.
3. Password protect your computer login access
While many people are willing to set up complex passwords for online services, they often resist doing so to protect physical access to their computer. The truth is, however, almost every computer is in danger of being accessed by individuals who don't have authorization to do so. From your own children, to the maid that cleans your house while you're at work, the person accessing your computer does not have to intend to harm you or your computer to accidentally do so, so everyone needs a strong password for physical computer access.
Suggestions:
• Not only add a password to your personal profile, but also to any guest accounts. Again, you aren't just concerned with someone maliciously attempting to harm your computer, often the biggest danger is from inexperienced internet users who are just curious.
• Use a screen saver with password protection. It is all well and good to password protect your windows logins, but if you're like most people, your computer is often left idle rather than being shut down immediately after you're done using it. So eliminate this vulnerability by setting up a password protected screen saver to start up if your computer is left in idle mode for more than a few minutes.
• Consider creating a desktop shortcut to lock down your computer if you're the type of person who will forget to secure things if it isn't simple and convenient to do so.
0
anand
Email was originally designed to enable academics and scientists to communicate with one another. And because it was created with the thought that only trusted individuals would send files back and forth, email's security weaknesses were never a concern while the technology was being developed. Unfortunately, spammers and hackers came along with the popularity of email, but by then the technology was far too popular to redesign. As a result of its inherent security weaknesses, it is very important to take the necessary steps to strengthen your email security through add-on protections and by tailoring the way you use your email.
1. Use a first-rate email client
Just because all email clients deliver your email, does not mean they are equally effective when it comes to PC security. An effective email client should provide your computer with another layer of protection by effectively filtering out all the unwanted email messages bound for your inbox, as well as providing some basic email attachment virus scanning.
Suggestions:
• Google Mail (GMail) is one of the best web-based email clients, providing you with top of the line spam filtering that will keep your inbox free of almost all unwanted messages. Unfortunately, however, its virus scanning capabilities leave a lot to be desired, so you'll want to manually scan all email attachments using your personal virus scanner before you download.
• Mozilla's Thunderbird is a highly regarded, award winning, spam-fighting standalone email client. Thunderbird has to be configured for a POP or IMAP based email server just like Microsoft Outlook. But once you setup Thunderbird, you'll be well on your way to keeping your inbox free of spam.
2. Handle email attachments carefully
When you download an attachment, your computer presumes that you know what you're doing. Consequently, your firewall won't check the attachment to make sure that its safe, which leaves just a cursory scan by your email client as the only protection between an attachment and your computer. Given the low level of security surrounding attachments, it's no surprise that hackers often try to hide their harmful programs in spam email attachments. In fact, an estimated 90% of viruses enter computers this way. Given those stats, it is important to always follow best practices when handling all email attachments in your Inbox.
Suggestions:
• Do not open attachments from strangers, or even from well-known companies, no matter how official or familiar the email appears to be. Spammers often use very creative techniques to make their emails and their attachments look legitimate, and they are getting increasingly good at it. So simply closely examining emails with attachments before downloading is no longer a sufficient security strategy. Instead, you should adopt a strict no attachment policy from strangers or companies, and go to the company website directly to get the needed information instead.
• If a friend's computer is infected, it's possible that you'll receive email with virus-infected attachments that appears to be (or actually is) from them. Thus, a familiar sender alone is not enough to ensure that an attachment is safe. If you're not expecting an attachment, call, IM or VoIP the person to verify that they intended to send it before you open the attachment.
3. Do not click on email links haphazardly
A common phishing scam technique is to imbed a link in an authentic-looking but fake email message which leads to a malicious website. These email messages usually try to trick people into clicking on the link and giving up personal information in order to supposedly "confirm their financial information" or even just to "unsubscribe" from a newsletter they never signed up for in the first place. Another variant on this same scheme simply installs a virus on your computer after you click on the link via a technique called drive-by downloading. But whatever the specific harm inflicted, the point is simply that embedded links in emails can pose an enormous PC security risk.
Suggestions:
• Do not click on links in questionable emails. Reputable companies might send an email saying there's a problem with your account, but they'll never include a link "for your convenience" proclaiming to have lost all of your data.
• Even if you personally follow email best practices, family members using shared email accounts may still unwittingly click on malicious links and infect your computer. Consequently, you may want to disable "HTML email" so that embedded links in emails no longer function, as well as educate family members on some of the most common techniques scammers and hackers use.
4. Set up email filters
Reputable Internet Service Providers (ISP's) are all currently developing effective spam filtering in order to minimize the amount of spam that reaches your email client. And just as that extra level of filtering helps to reduce the levels of spam that reach your inbox, so too you can add your own supplemental filtering level by setting up your own personal email filters. While your ISP filter and email client filter will together dramatically limit the amount of spam that gets through, it is only by adding a manual filtering component through custom filtering that you can achieve near zero spam levels.
Suggestions:
• Start with an effective email client and add custom filters. GMail allows you to create a number of email aliases that all connect to your existing email address, which will allow you to divide up incoming emails into folders dependent upon the particular variant the email was sent to. So, whenever you sign up for a new newsletter, you can use a new variant on the email. If a newsletter ends up selling your name to spammers, you can simply block that email variant and voila, you have stopped the flow of spam and identified which newsletter is secretly selling readers' contact information to the highest bidder.
• If you don't have access to email aliases, you can accomplish exactly the same thing by setting up multiple free email accounts and designating one specifically for newsletter signups. If you don't want to keep up with all those email accounts, you can even use a self-destructing email account such as 10minutemail which will allow you to confirm your subscription to a newsletter or service, but which won't put your real email in danger of picking up spam.
read more
Safely Emailing
Email was originally designed to enable academics and scientists to communicate with one another. And because it was created with the thought that only trusted individuals would send files back and forth, email's security weaknesses were never a concern while the technology was being developed. Unfortunately, spammers and hackers came along with the popularity of email, but by then the technology was far too popular to redesign. As a result of its inherent security weaknesses, it is very important to take the necessary steps to strengthen your email security through add-on protections and by tailoring the way you use your email.
1. Use a first-rate email client
Just because all email clients deliver your email, does not mean they are equally effective when it comes to PC security. An effective email client should provide your computer with another layer of protection by effectively filtering out all the unwanted email messages bound for your inbox, as well as providing some basic email attachment virus scanning.
Suggestions:
• Google Mail (GMail) is one of the best web-based email clients, providing you with top of the line spam filtering that will keep your inbox free of almost all unwanted messages. Unfortunately, however, its virus scanning capabilities leave a lot to be desired, so you'll want to manually scan all email attachments using your personal virus scanner before you download.
• Mozilla's Thunderbird is a highly regarded, award winning, spam-fighting standalone email client. Thunderbird has to be configured for a POP or IMAP based email server just like Microsoft Outlook. But once you setup Thunderbird, you'll be well on your way to keeping your inbox free of spam.
2. Handle email attachments carefully
When you download an attachment, your computer presumes that you know what you're doing. Consequently, your firewall won't check the attachment to make sure that its safe, which leaves just a cursory scan by your email client as the only protection between an attachment and your computer. Given the low level of security surrounding attachments, it's no surprise that hackers often try to hide their harmful programs in spam email attachments. In fact, an estimated 90% of viruses enter computers this way. Given those stats, it is important to always follow best practices when handling all email attachments in your Inbox.
Suggestions:
• Do not open attachments from strangers, or even from well-known companies, no matter how official or familiar the email appears to be. Spammers often use very creative techniques to make their emails and their attachments look legitimate, and they are getting increasingly good at it. So simply closely examining emails with attachments before downloading is no longer a sufficient security strategy. Instead, you should adopt a strict no attachment policy from strangers or companies, and go to the company website directly to get the needed information instead.
• If a friend's computer is infected, it's possible that you'll receive email with virus-infected attachments that appears to be (or actually is) from them. Thus, a familiar sender alone is not enough to ensure that an attachment is safe. If you're not expecting an attachment, call, IM or VoIP the person to verify that they intended to send it before you open the attachment.
3. Do not click on email links haphazardly
A common phishing scam technique is to imbed a link in an authentic-looking but fake email message which leads to a malicious website. These email messages usually try to trick people into clicking on the link and giving up personal information in order to supposedly "confirm their financial information" or even just to "unsubscribe" from a newsletter they never signed up for in the first place. Another variant on this same scheme simply installs a virus on your computer after you click on the link via a technique called drive-by downloading. But whatever the specific harm inflicted, the point is simply that embedded links in emails can pose an enormous PC security risk.
Suggestions:
• Do not click on links in questionable emails. Reputable companies might send an email saying there's a problem with your account, but they'll never include a link "for your convenience" proclaiming to have lost all of your data.
• Even if you personally follow email best practices, family members using shared email accounts may still unwittingly click on malicious links and infect your computer. Consequently, you may want to disable "HTML email" so that embedded links in emails no longer function, as well as educate family members on some of the most common techniques scammers and hackers use.
4. Set up email filters
Reputable Internet Service Providers (ISP's) are all currently developing effective spam filtering in order to minimize the amount of spam that reaches your email client. And just as that extra level of filtering helps to reduce the levels of spam that reach your inbox, so too you can add your own supplemental filtering level by setting up your own personal email filters. While your ISP filter and email client filter will together dramatically limit the amount of spam that gets through, it is only by adding a manual filtering component through custom filtering that you can achieve near zero spam levels.
Suggestions:
• Start with an effective email client and add custom filters. GMail allows you to create a number of email aliases that all connect to your existing email address, which will allow you to divide up incoming emails into folders dependent upon the particular variant the email was sent to. So, whenever you sign up for a new newsletter, you can use a new variant on the email. If a newsletter ends up selling your name to spammers, you can simply block that email variant and voila, you have stopped the flow of spam and identified which newsletter is secretly selling readers' contact information to the highest bidder.
• If you don't have access to email aliases, you can accomplish exactly the same thing by setting up multiple free email accounts and designating one specifically for newsletter signups. If you don't want to keep up with all those email accounts, you can even use a self-destructing email account such as 10minutemail which will allow you to confirm your subscription to a newsletter or service, but which won't put your real email in danger of picking up spam.
0
anand
Internet Security
Use Antivirus, Anti Spyware, and a Personal Firewall Internet Security
• The first thing you should do to protect yourself from online security threats is to get a good antivirus program, as well as anti spyware software, and a personal firewall. These products act as your personal watchdog; constantly scanning your system for known patterns of suspicious file activity and stopping the “bad stuff” before it has a chance to do any damage. The easiest and most affordable thing to do is to purchase an internet security suite. This is a “bundled” package of specialized computer security software that is designed to work together to provide a “blanket of protection”.
Keep Your Operating System and all Applications Up to Date
• Use Microsoft Windows "Automatic Update Service" to ensure you have the latest hot fixes, security patches, and service packs. These updates are designed to counter the effects of the latest security threats by closing newly discovered security "holes" and adding protective enhancements to your operating system. Windows Update will also keep your Internet Explorer web browser up to date.
• It's important to keep all program applications such as Microsoft Office, Adobe Reader, Real Player, Flash Player, iTunes, etc... up to date as well. Hackers and cyber-criminals often find and exploit security holes in applications, and use this as a way to get into your computer. Go to the developers website on a regular basis and download the latest updates to the software you are running. Most new versions of software include an "auto update" feature that you can turn on to make this an automatic process.
Never Download Free Screensavers, Games, or Other "Freeware" Applications
• Free software is notorious for carrying invasive adware and dangerous spyware that can cripple your system or steal personal information. If you must download free software, be sure to read the EULA (user license agreement) carefully. This will often tell you that by installing the software, you are agreeing to install other applications that deliver advertising (this is adware). If you don't want this additional advertising software installed, don't install the software. Adware and spyware is often difficult to remove, so be careful what you download and install.
Never Open Email From People You Don't Know
• Un-requested, unsolicited bulk email is called Spam, and usually contains advertisements for illegal or unsavory products/services. A lot of spam now contains dangerous phishing scams, which tricks you into going to fraudulent websites where spyware might be installed without your knowledge. Many links in phishing emails also take you to fraudulent sites that are "carbon copies" of legitimate financial institutions. Attempting to log on to these sites will send your credentials to the spammer, who will quickly wipe out your account.
Backup Your Data on a Regular Basis
• Hard drives crash every day, with little warning. A computer virus can quickly corrupt your operating system or damage all your files. Spyware can cripple a computer so badly that the only way to restore functionality is to reformat the hard drive. Important files can accidentally be deleted. These are all good reasons to keep a current backup copy of all your files. When disaster strikes (and it will eventually), you can still have access to family photos, term papers, and other work if you have a copy on CD or a second hard disk. An easy, inexpensive way to ensure you never lost your files is to use an online backup service.
read more
• The first thing you should do to protect yourself from online security threats is to get a good antivirus program, as well as anti spyware software, and a personal firewall. These products act as your personal watchdog; constantly scanning your system for known patterns of suspicious file activity and stopping the “bad stuff” before it has a chance to do any damage. The easiest and most affordable thing to do is to purchase an internet security suite. This is a “bundled” package of specialized computer security software that is designed to work together to provide a “blanket of protection”.
Keep Your Operating System and all Applications Up to Date
• Use Microsoft Windows "Automatic Update Service" to ensure you have the latest hot fixes, security patches, and service packs. These updates are designed to counter the effects of the latest security threats by closing newly discovered security "holes" and adding protective enhancements to your operating system. Windows Update will also keep your Internet Explorer web browser up to date.
• It's important to keep all program applications such as Microsoft Office, Adobe Reader, Real Player, Flash Player, iTunes, etc... up to date as well. Hackers and cyber-criminals often find and exploit security holes in applications, and use this as a way to get into your computer. Go to the developers website on a regular basis and download the latest updates to the software you are running. Most new versions of software include an "auto update" feature that you can turn on to make this an automatic process.
Never Download Free Screensavers, Games, or Other "Freeware" Applications
• Free software is notorious for carrying invasive adware and dangerous spyware that can cripple your system or steal personal information. If you must download free software, be sure to read the EULA (user license agreement) carefully. This will often tell you that by installing the software, you are agreeing to install other applications that deliver advertising (this is adware). If you don't want this additional advertising software installed, don't install the software. Adware and spyware is often difficult to remove, so be careful what you download and install.
Never Open Email From People You Don't Know
• Un-requested, unsolicited bulk email is called Spam, and usually contains advertisements for illegal or unsavory products/services. A lot of spam now contains dangerous phishing scams, which tricks you into going to fraudulent websites where spyware might be installed without your knowledge. Many links in phishing emails also take you to fraudulent sites that are "carbon copies" of legitimate financial institutions. Attempting to log on to these sites will send your credentials to the spammer, who will quickly wipe out your account.
Backup Your Data on a Regular Basis
• Hard drives crash every day, with little warning. A computer virus can quickly corrupt your operating system or damage all your files. Spyware can cripple a computer so badly that the only way to restore functionality is to reformat the hard drive. Important files can accidentally be deleted. These are all good reasons to keep a current backup copy of all your files. When disaster strikes (and it will eventually), you can still have access to family photos, term papers, and other work if you have a copy on CD or a second hard disk. An easy, inexpensive way to ensure you never lost your files is to use an online backup service.
0
anand
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RUN COMMANDS:
Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys
Keyboard shortcuts can save time and the effort of switching from the keyboard to the mouse to execute simple commands. Print this list of Word keyboard shortcuts and keep it by your computer for a quick reference.
Note: A plus sign indicates that the keys need to be pressed at the same time.
Action ............................................................. Keystroke
Cursor movement
Formatting
Text Style
Miscellaneous
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Note: A plus sign indicates that the keys need to be pressed at the same time.
Action ............................................................. Keystroke
- Open a file----------------------------------------- CTRL+O
- New file-------------------- ------------------------CTRL+N
- Close a file ------------------------------------------CTRL+W
- Save As ---------------------------------------------F12
- Save ------------------------------------------------CTRL+S or SHIFT+F12
- Print Preview ---------------------------------------CTRL+F2
- Print ------------------------------------------------CTRL+P
- Show/Hide paragraph symbols ----------------------CTRL+*
- Spelling and grammar------------------------------- F7
- Help ------------------------------------------------ F1
- Find ------------------------------------------------CTRL+F
- Replace ---------------------------------------------CTRL+H
- Go To---------------------------------------------- CTRL+G
Cursor movement
- Select all - entire document-------------------------------- CTRL+A
- Select from cursor to beginning of line ----------------------SHIFT+Home
- Select from cursor to end of line --------------------------- SHIFT+END
- Go to beginning of line -------------------------------------HOME
- Go to end of line -------------------------------------------END
- Go to beginning of document------------------------------ CTRL+Home
- Go to end of document ------------------------------------CTRL+End
Formatting
- Cut ----------------------------------------------------- CTRL+X
- Copy---------------------------------------------------- CTRL+C
- Paste ---------------------------------------------------CTRL+V
- Undo---------------------------------------------------- CTRL+Z
- Redo ----------------------------------------------------CTRL+Y
- Format painter -----------------------------------------CTRL+SHIFT+C
- Left alignment -------------------------------------------CTRL+L
- Center alignment ---------------------------------------CTRL+E
- Right alignment -----------------------------------------CTRL+R
- Justified ------------------------------------------------CTRL+J
- Delete previous word -----------------------------------CTRL+Backspace
- Apply bulleted list --------------------------------------CTRL+SHIFT+L
- Indent------------------------------------------------- CTRL+M
- Page break --------------------------------------------CTRL+Enter
Text Style
- Font face--------------------------------------------- CTRL+SHIFT+F
- Font size ---------------------------------------------CTRL+SHIFT+P
- Bold-------------------------------------------------- CTRL+B
- Italics ------------------------------------------------CTRL+I
- Underline -------------------------------------------- CTRL+U
- Double underline ------------------------------------CTRL+SHIFT+D
- Word underline--------------------------------------- CTRL+SHIFT+W
- All caps --------------------------------------------- CTRL+SHIFT+A
- Change case -------------------------------------------SHIFT+F3
- Subscript -------------------------------------------- CTRL+=
- Superscript------------------------------------------ CTRL+SHIFT+=
- Make web hyperlink---------------------------------- CTRL+K
- Go to next cell --------------------------------------------------Tab
- Go to previous cell ----------------------------------------------SHIFT+Tab
- Go to beginning of column --------------------------------------ALT+PageUp
- Highlight to beginning of column--------------------------------ALT+SHIFT+PageUp
- Go to end of column --------------------------------------------ALT+PageDown
- Highlight to end of column --------------------------------------ALT+SHIFT+PageDown
- Go to beginning of row ------------------------------------------ALT+Home
- Highlight to beginning of row -----------------------------------ALT+SHIFT+Home
- Go to end of row ------------------------------------------------ALT+End
- Highlight to end of row ----------------------------------------ALT+SHIFT+End
- Column break-------------------------------------------------- CTRL+SHIFT+Enter
Miscellaneous
- Copyright symbol ------------------------------------ © ALT+CTRL+C
- Date field ---------------------------------------------ALT+SHIFT+D
- Go to footnotes---------------------------------------- ALT+CTRL+F
- Show/Hide -------------------------------------------¶ CTRL+SHIFT+8
- Thesaurus ---------------------------------------------SHIFT+F7
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